L\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0103n may. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i trang b\u1ecb cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng b\u00ed k\u00edp v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t trong l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1<\/b>. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00f9ng theo d\u00f5i nh\u00e9!<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t trong l\u00f4<\/b> \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm cho 1 con l\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c 1 con \u0111\u1ec1. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00fang 1 con l\u00f4 kh\u00e1 cao nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a t\u1ef7 l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0\u1ee3c cho c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n Trong c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang l\u00f4 xi\u00ean<\/i><\/b>, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi l\u00f4 xi\u00ean 2 v\u00e0 l\u00f4 xi\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd chia ra l\u00e0m 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 2 con v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 1 con:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n C\u00e1ch t\u00ednh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi l\u00f4 xi\u00ean 2 nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fang l\u00f4 xi\u00ean 3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c l\u00f4 xi\u00ean 2.<\/p>\n X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fang l\u00f4 xi\u00ean 3 = X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ea3 3 con + x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 1 trong 3 con + x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 2 con = 0,97^27 + 3 * 23,7675% * 0,98^27 + 3 * 5,8% * 0,99^27 = 98,527%.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang l\u00f4 xi\u00ean 3 = 100% \u2013 98,527% = 1,473%. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00f4 tr\u00ean th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00f4 3 ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec1 3 ch\u00e2n. Hai c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n L\u01b0u \u00fd, \u0111\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i n\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ed k\u00edp \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n Hy v\u1ecdng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t trong l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1<\/b> tr\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 c\u00e1i Kubet \u0111\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Ch\u00fac b\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u00e9!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n <\/main><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1ea1ch th\u1ee7 l\u00f4 2 nh\u00e1y xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1ea1ch th\u1ee7 l\u00f4 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n song th\u1ee7 l\u00f4 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1ea1ch th\u1ee7 l\u00f4 k\u00e9p xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n song th\u1ee7 l\u00f4 k\u00e9p xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1ea1ch th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n song th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n d\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec1 4 s\u1ed1 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n d\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec1 6 s\u1ed1 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n d\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec1 8 s\u1ed1 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n d\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec1 10 s\u1ed1 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n d\u00e0n l\u00f4 4 s\u1ed1 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n d\u00e0n l\u00f4 6 s\u1ed1 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n d\u00e0n l\u00f4 8 s\u1ed1 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n d\u00e0n l\u00f4 xi\u00ean 2 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n d\u00e0n l\u00f4 xi\u00ean 3 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n d\u00e0n l\u00f4 xi\u00ean 4 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n 3 c\u00e0ng xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n d\u00e0n 3 c\u00e0ng 2 s\u1ed1 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n d\u00e0n l\u00f4 10 s\u1ed1 xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111u\u00f4i xsmb vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n x\u1ec9u ch\u1ee7 xsmn vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t xsmn vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n gi\u1ea3i 8 xsmn vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n bao l\u00f4 xsmn vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1eb7p x\u1ec9u ch\u1ee7 xsmn vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n song th\u1ee7 l\u00f4 xsmn vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111u\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i 8 xsmn vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111u\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t xsmn vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00f4 3 s\u1ed1 xsmn vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n x\u1ec9u ch\u1ee7 xsmt vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t xsmt vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n gi\u1ea3i 8 xsmt vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n bao l\u00f4 xsmt vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1eb7p x\u1ec9u ch\u1ee7 xsmt vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n song th\u1ee7 l\u00f4 xsmt vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111u\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i 8 xsmt vip<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\nT\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00fang 1 con l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n
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T\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang l\u00f4 xi\u00ean<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n
X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang l\u00f4 xi\u00ean 2 <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n
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X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang l\u00f4 xi\u00ean 3<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n
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d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc super vip<\/span><\/h3>\n
\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc si\u00eau c\u1ea5p<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n xsmn si\u00eau c\u1ea5p<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
\n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n xsmt si\u00eau c\u1ea5p<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
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- X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang 1 con l\u00f4 = 1 \u2013 (x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t t\u1ea1ch l\u00f4) = 1 \u2013 0,99^27 (quay 27 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea1ch) = 23,7657 %. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00fang 1 nh\u00e1y, 2 nh\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c 3 nh\u00e1y.<\/li>\n
- \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 1 con \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u00ednh l\u00f4<\/i><\/b> \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1edfi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00fang m\u1ed9t con lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 1\/100 = 1%.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
- X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 2 con = 0,98^27 = 57,957 %.<\/li>\n
- X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 1 con duy nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec l\u1ea1i chia ra 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 con th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 th\u00ec con th\u1ee9 2 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 1 con = 2 * x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang 1 con l\u00f4 * x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fang con n\u00e0o = 2 * 23,7657% * 0,99^27 = 36,238%.<\/li>\n
- X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fang l\u00f4 xi\u00ean 2 = X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 2 con + x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 1 con duy nh\u1ea5t = 57,957% + 36,238% = 94,195%. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 suy ra x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang l\u00f4 xi\u00ean 2 = 100% \u2013 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fang l\u00f4 = 100 \u2013 94,195% = 5,8%.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
- X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1 3 ch\u00e2n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh v\u00ec ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1 3 ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 1\/1000 = 0,1 %.<\/li>\n
- X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u00fang l\u00f4 3 ch\u00e2n = 1 \u2013 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00f4 3 ch\u00e2n = 1 \u2013 0,999^27 = 2,67%.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n